Brain Main part of the men

THE BRAIN: 

Certain areas of the brain are greatly enlarged to deal with all the information arriving from the ears, eyes , tongue , nose and semicircular canals.

The medulla is involved in the breathing rhythm, heart rate, swallowing and vasoconstriction of the arterioles. These basically involve reflex actions but all are influenced by nerve impulses from other parts of the brain, e.g. the hypothalamus and the cerebrum. For example , the breathing rhythm can be altered voluntarily for speaking and singing.

The cerebellum is principally involved in maintaining balance and coordination movement. It revives sensory impulses from stretch receptors in the muscles and from the semicircular canals and utriculus. It sends motor impulses to the muscles. However, it is in the cerebrum that the pattern of movement is 'decided' and relayed to the cerebellum, which makes sure that the systems work effectively together.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres. These are highly developed in mammals, especially humans, and are the regions concemed with intelligence, memory, reasoning ability , acquired skills and consiousnesss.

In the cerebral hemispheres , there is an outer layer of cells, the cortex, with  hundreds of thousands of multipolar neurons making possible an enormous number of synapse connection between the dendrites.

The cerebral hemispheres are basically the 'command center' of the brain and to a large extent. the output from the other regions depends on the instructions from the cerebrum.

Balanced Diet with Your Health

A Balanced diet contains adequate amount of nutrients. It help in proper growth, metabolism , and maintenance of good Health.

Unfortunately despite extensive research , it is not yet possible to say exactly how much of each type of food a person must take in order to satisfy all of its requirements. The problem of doing this is complicated by the fact that the body's food requirements vary according to age , body size ,sex , occupation, and Health.

For Example children need more food for their proper growth. Youth on the other hand need more food that elderly people because of their active physical work.

It has been recommended that an average adult healthy person requires the necessary adult healthy person requires the necessary energy 50 percent from carbohydrate, 40 Percent from fats and 10 percent from proteins. Fats are necessary in diet as they contain fat soluble vitamins as well as fatty acids.

It is also recommended that adults should eat at least 1 gm of protein per kg of body weight per day. How ever infants should be given 2 gm per Kg from birth to six months it is further suggested that 60 percent of daily intake should consist of animal proteins since this contains more essential amino acids.

Importance of Water in Your Life

IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN LIFE:-  All living organisms are composed of water plays many roles for cells.

1. Water as a Metabolite:  All the chemical reactions taking place in living organisms are called metabolism. Water provides the medium for meta-bolism , In many metabolic reactions, Water is either consumed or released.

2. Water as a Solvent:  Water is called a universal solvent because it dissolves a great number of solutes.

3. Water as a Medium of Transportation: Water acts as a medium of transportation in living organisms. Plasma, the liquid part of blood , transports glucose around the body.

4. Shape and Support: Water is needed to maintain shape and support for living organisms. Turgidity maintains the shape and supports plants . Hydro static skeleton supports aquatic animals.

Health Problems Related to Nureition

HEALTH PROBLEMS RELATED TO NUTRITION:

1. Under Nutrition: This is the problem of the poor countries of the world. There is insufficient food for the people there. During under nutrition, a person's diet is deficient in the required calories. Children having under nutrition suffer from a disease called marasmus. In this disease, children especially and people generally are reduced to a skeleton, there is almost on flesh on the body . Under nutrition especially effects the children not only physically but also mentally.

2. Malnutrition:  It is a condition in which a diet is missing in one or more essential nutrients . It has very bad effects on health. If it is continues for long periods especially under special circumstances such as during pregnancy or immediately after child birth.

If malnutrition happens during the period of location, it may cause irreparable damage to the infant leading to a number of abnormalities including mental abnormalities.

If a human diet lacks essential elements or nutrients, the body will fail to synthesize vital compounds and the person might suffer from various diseases. 

It has been noticed that malnutrition is the major cause of death among the children up to the age of five in the developing countries . Deficiency of protein in the diet increases susceptibility to disease besides retardation in growth.

3. Over nutrition:  It is the Problem of the developed countries where people eat too much. Obesity is the most common disorder due to over nutrition Obesity is the cause of a large number diseases too.

Diabetes in Children

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and results from either defects in insulin secretion/ insulin action or both. The incidence of type 1 diabetes varies between different countries and ranges from as low as 0.1 to 57.6/100,000. The Highest incidence has been documented in Finland and the lowest in China and is mostly in children 0-4 years of age.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets, leading to abnormal glucose tolerance and eventually ketoacidosis.

Currently the diagnosis of T1D leads to lifetime dependence on injections of exogenous insulin to control blood glucose levels . Unfortunately, control is difficult to achieve but is needed to avoid fluctuations in glucose concentration and prevent micro vascular damage and long-term complications.

The choice of insulin regimen will depend on many factors including age, duration  of diabetes, Lifestyle (dietary patterns , exercise schedules, school) targets of metabolic control and particularly individual patient / Family preferences. The treatment of diabetes in many parts is still regular insulin mixed with intermediate acting insulin in twice daily doses.

Now, insulin analogues have been developed and are in use all over the world, of which three rapid acting types are currently available for children (aspart, glulisine, and lispro) and the basal insulin analogues are glargine and detemir. Bolus/basal therapy that combine premeal aspart of lispro with glargine or detemir insulin has emerged as the 'Gold Standard' for intensive injection therapy provided through multiple daily injections (MDI) for adolescent and adults. An insulin pump (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion) is currently the best way to imitate the physiological insulin profile and is an alternative to treatment with MDI. Its use has been increasing and proving to be successful in most of the western countries.

Glycaemic control is assessed by regular monitoring of blood glucose at home and 3 monthly HbA1c measurements. Insulin adjustments should be made until target blood glucose levels and target HbA1c are achieved. Recently much emphasis is being given on managing diabetes with consistent massages and specific target set for young people by the pediatric team. Studies have shown a strong association between the target glycaemic control set by pediatric doctor's team and that perceived by adolescents and their parents. It has also been shown that it is the centers effectiveness in implementing the treatment regimen that affects metabolic control and not the insulin regimens.

Currently large number of are being conducted which include role of vitamin D3, oral insulin, nutritional intervention (docoshaexaenoic acid) etc for prevention of type 1 diabetes . Long - term studies of the safety and efficacy of insulin analogues in children and development of islet cell transplantation as a therapy for T1DM are also being conducted.

Malaria updates in Pakistan

40% of wold population is at risk of Malaria, with nearly 500 million cases and around on million deaths / year, 70 - 80 % of which occur in children under five years old.

Malaria in children has long term effects as it causes Anemia & Malnutrition leading to poor health, poor cognitive development , missed school days, eventually leading to poor social outcome in future.

Cerebral malaria causes death & disability with permanent neurological sequele in 5 - 20% of survivors.

increasing drug resistance has increased malaria morbidity & mortality in recent years despite control measures being available for more than 50 years.

it is imperative that we manage Malaria in children according to standard guidelines recommended by WHO & National Malaria program to provide effective treatment and prevent emergence of drug resistance . As cheaper & effective treatment and prevent emergence of drug resistance . As cheaper & effective drugs like Chloroquine loose their efficacy against Falciparum, and are replaced by costly drugs like ACT , it is even more important to confirm Malaria by M.P or R.D.T before prescribing antimalarial.

However for treatment of suspected Malaria in 5 years children in High risk areas will continue to be treated according to IMNCI Strategy.

Burns in Children : ABSTRACT

Burns in Children : ABSTRACT: Burn injuries are a formidable challenge for health care professionals. Infants and toddlers are frequently the victims of the scalding burns. During the five year study period , 239 cases of burns in children were managed at the department of pediatric surgery surgery , 169 patients were male and 70 female . Age of patients ranged from 2 days to 14 years 62% cases presented with scalding burns and the major cause was immersion in hot weather and in 31% of cases the cause was fire, while 6% of cases the cause of injury was electricity. 

Nearly all of the cases were accidental except two. Majority of the cases were managed on conservative measures. The surgical procedures performed included ashcarotomy, skin grafting, release of conjectures with grafting while amputation of a limb or part of limb was needed in four patients. Hospital stay ranges from 1 day to 2 months. out of 239 patients , 208 (87%) improved and discharged 5 (2%) refereed to burn center at Karachi and 16 (7%) patients expired.

The majority of the burns are accidental in origin and can be prevented by family and community education, community based programs and legislative changes.